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A trader works on the trading floor at The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) following the Federal Reserve rate announcement, in New York City, U.S., September 18, 2024.
The Fed goes big for its first rate cut since 2020
The Federal Reserve dropped interest rates by half of a percentage point on Wednesday, its first cut since 2020. The move – larger than the .25 bps that was also under consideration – is a show of confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2%, and it aims to boost to the labor market. The cut will bring the benchmark federal-funds rate to a range between 4.75% and 5%.
The Fed decided that keeping rates high “was becoming restrictive and worried the labor market could turn sour quickly,” according to Robert Kahn, Eurasia Group’s managing director of macro-geoeconomics. “They didn't want to fall behind the curve and decided to get a quick start at easing.”
In the short term,anticipation of rate cuts boosted Wall Street, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average hitting a new record on Wednesday. Yields on the 10-year Treasury note stood at 3.64% on Tuesday, up slightly from a 52-week low recorded on Monday. It also bodes well for Kamala Harris’ campaign, since high interest rates had been souring voters’ views on the economy.
In the long term, the Fed “looks like they will move gradually from here,” says Kahn. “It's a quick start to a long journey.” Inflation expectations are also unlikely to be affected because “inflation has been coming down recently, so any new risks will take time to show themselves.”
Fed poised for 50 basis point rate cut
Breaking: Fed poised for 50 basis point rate cut
The Federal Reserve appears set to drop its benchmark interest rate by 50 base points today. That lending rate – which influences borrowing costs broadly – can put the economy in a chokehold when rates are high, or stimulate it when lowered.
According to Eurasia Group’s Managing Director of Global Macroeconomics Robert Kahn, “enough progress has been made on inflation to begin the process of easing financial conditions with a big first move to protect against recession.”
Lawmakers have repeatedly called on the Fed to lower rates over the past year. Still, the independent body has resisted, waiting for economic data to indicate that a soft landing – where inflation is tamed without a recession – appeared to be in sight. Inflation currently stands at 2.5%, down from its peak of 9.1% in 2022 and nearing the Fed’s 2% target.
Election effect: It takes time for monetary policy to make an impact, so any rate cut is unlikely to have a material effect on the economy before the election, but it will still have influence.
“It's possible that the cut, and the boost to markets that it could provide, gives a lift to sentiment surrounding the economy that helps the Harris campaign,” says Kahn. But, on the downside, “it will validate Donald Trump’s belief that the Fed is political and the move is being done to help his opponent.”Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell testifies during a U.S. House Oversight and Reform Select Subcommittee hearing on coronavirus crisis, on Capitol Hill in Washington, U.S., June 22, 2021.
August jobs report raises uncertainty ahead of Fed meeting
Friday’s new US jobs report showed that unemployment ticked down to 4.2% and employers added 142,000 jobs in August, lower than the 161,000 expected. The weaker-than-expected report is a continuation of a labor market cooling trend that has set off alarm bells that interest rates may have been too high for too long.
Look inside the numbers: The sector that saw the most job growth was construction, which gained 34,000 jobs, likely due to the Biden administration’s infrastructure spending. It was followed by health care, which added 31,000 jobs, and the public sector’s 24,000 new jobs.
Why it matters: The report was highly anticipated after unemployment spiked in July, leaving many wondering whether we were heading for a broader slowdown in the labor market – a key metric of how the Federal Reserve will steer interest rates when it meets later this month.
“Despite the headline unemployment number ticking down as expected, the details behind the jobs data were mixed,” says Eurasia Group’s global macroeconomics expert Babak Minovi. “Fed Gov. Christopher Waller gave some remarks later saying the jobs data now ‘requires action’ instead of patience, increasing the market's level of concern on the health of the economy.”
Although the jobs numbers were weaker than expected, the market didn’t miss the target enough to change projections, which still predict that the Fed will drop interest rates by at least 25 basis points when it meets later this month.
Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell testifies during a U.S. House Oversight and Reform Select Subcommittee hearing on coronavirus crisis, on Capitol Hill in Washington, U.S., June 22, 2021.
25 or 50? Jobs report likely to influence magnitude of Fed’s rate cut
Background: Unemployment has risen for four months in a row and is up almost a percent from its lows last year, which, according to Eurasia Group’s global macroeconomics expert Babak Minovi, is worrying because “rises in unemployment like this usually go hand in hand with recessions, and that’s certainly not our (or the market’s) base case.”
Why it matters: Fed Chair Jerome Powell has put the labor market at the heart of the central bank’s decision on when and how quickly to ease interest rates.
“Economists are expecting unemployment to stop its losing streak in August with a modest recovery, but another surprise worsening would be a warning sign to the Federal Reserve that the US economy is slowing down faster than intended,” says Minovi, who believes that under this scenario the Fed would cut interest rates by 50 basis points from its current 5.5% target rate, as opposed to 25. But, if the unemployment rate does improve as expected? “Markets will breathe a sigh of relief — for the time being,” says Minovi.
A drone view shows a flooded area in the aftermath of Hurricane Beryl, in Houston, Texas.
Hard Numbers: Doctors at a distance, US inflation falls again, Beryl barrels through insurers, Virginia bans smartphones in schools
670,000: Is there a doctor in the house? Maybe, but if you’re an Ontarian, you might have to travel. At least 670,000 residents of the province live more than 50 kilometers from their family physician, according to a new report. Meanwhile, the number of Ontarians who have no family doctor at all has risen by a third since 2020 to more than 2.5 million people.
3: Annual inflation in the US fell for the third straight month in June, coming in at 3%, down from 3.3% in May. That will give the Fed room to start cutting rates again soon, but popular perceptions of inflation persist. Polling earlier this spring showed that two-thirds of Americans consider high prices a top problem, even after months of declining inflation. Why? Because things cost significantly more than they did before the pandemic-driven price surge.
2.7 billion: Damage inflicted by Hurricane Beryl will cost US insurers at least $2.7 billion, according to initial estimates. The storm, which slammed into southeastern Texas on Monday, lashing the Houston area with heavy wind and rains, destroyed property and left millions without power. For more on how climate change is cooking US insurers, see our special report by Ian Bremmer here.
1.2 million: Virginia will limit or ban cellphone use in public schools, a move that would affect 1.2 million students. Earlier this summer, the Los Angeles city school system issued a similar ban, amid heightened attention to the ways that smartphone use by adolescents can interfere with learning and threaten mental health. In Canada, Alberta will soon join Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia with a similar measure.
The Bland Bombshell and the Big Banks
Is there anyone more bland, more powerful, and less recognizable than Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell? He makes money moves more than Cardi B, and yet most people wouldn’t recognize him if he were sitting on their lap in the subway.
Why do relatively obscure banker meetings matter? Fair question, and it’s precisely why our GZERO team in Washington, DC, is covering the IMF-World Bank spring meetings this week.
For Masters of Monetary Policy like Powell, being bland is a strategy, not a characteristic. They speak in a purposely arcane language that requires near Bletchley Park decoding powers because everything they say makes news that impacts markets. This, in turn, affects things like your mortgage, your investments, and your grocery bill. It also impacts global poverty, which ought to make a lot more news. So understandably, they have to be careful and neutral to avoid panics or bouts of enthusiasm and ensure their signals leave lots of room for interpretation. But don’t mistake bland for lack of consequence. In global banking, bland is the brand, but influence is the purpose.
What have you missed so far?
Powell had a major bland moment at the Wilson Center’s Washington Forum on the Canadian Economy, which coincides with the spring meetings, where he hinted he would delay dropping interest rates because US inflation is proving more stubborn than predicted. “The recent data have clearly not given us greater confidence and instead indicate that it’s likely to take longer than expected to achieve that confidence,” he said, as the finance world listened to him emphasize every SYL-la-ble.
Then, in case anyone missed it, he took out the verbal highlight pen. “We can maintain the current level of restriction for as long as needed.” Whoa. Treasury yields moved higher that very moment, and he wasn’t even done speaking. Translation for those not steeped in Bland Banker Speak: Interest rates are gonna stay higher for longer – at least until the inflation rate hits the target goal of 2%. Govern yourselves accordingly.
That news got a tiny corner of social media all ginned up, giving us the world’s first – and perhaps last – Federal Reserve Meme: Check out this AI-generated Jerome Powell hyped on rate cuts. Maybe Blands really do have more fun.
Meanwhile, Bank of Canada Gov. Tiff Macklem, who was on the same panel with Powell, hinted he might go in the other direction – and having had many conversations with him over the years, I can say that Macklem isn’t bland at all. Just last week, he held the key interest rate at 5% because inflation had centimetered up a titch, but he still suggested a rate drop was “within the realm of possibilities” as early as June.
What would that mean? For one, if Canada drops rates faster than the US Fed, the Canadian dollar would likely weaken considerably, so depending on which way you travel, things could get either a lot cheaper or more expensive.
In short, everything central bankers say makes a difference to millions of citizens, and still, most folks only pay scant attention to talk about inflation and interest rates close to home – not internalizing how much impact these decisions have on major issues like global poverty. For example, GZERO’s own Matthew Kendrick has been reporting from the spring meetings this week, covering the impact of inflation on the most vulnerable economies like Somalia and what is being done to help. You can read his surprising look at the Somali success story on debt reliefhere.
But if world bankers are all so smart, why are one in three countries worse off than in 2019? Why are so many falling back into poverty post-COVID? To find out, our Head of Content Tony Maciulis sat down with Ayhan Kose, the World Bank Group’s deputy chief economist, who told him, “When the food price goes up, the price of oil goes up. That has significant implications for these economies.” He also noted that some countries have experienced “the weakest growth rate on average since the 1990s.” What are the solutions? Watch Tony’s interview here.
News about IMF and World Bank financiers doesn’t often make the front page because it’s so complex, often depressing, and … well, kinda bland. There are other riveting events, like Donald Trump’s first criminal trial, the war in Ukraine, and Iran launching missiles at Israel to grab our attention, as they should.
But spare a moment for the folks who live in Blandlandia – those people at the IMF and World Bank spring meetings. They are participating in panels like “The Path for Taxing the Super-Rich – Towards a Progressive Global Taxation Agenda,” “Biden Pauses LNG; COP 28 Fossil Fuel Phase-Out Decision – Is World Bank Lagging on Fossil Fuels?” and even “The Polycrisis – How Unchecked Public Debt Fuels Corruption and Bad Governance.”
Beneath the bland, the story of our world unfolds. Since 1944, when both financial institutions were established, the World Bank itself has funded over 12,000 programs focused on economic development and reducing poverty. Has it worked? The record is mixed.
There have been big wins – like the reconstruction of Bosnia after the war, or working on debt relief programs, like Matt described in Somalia. But the World Bank also set a goal of eliminating extreme poverty by 2023, and its leaders admit they are not even close.
Meanwhile, the IMF, whose mission is to “firefight” big, macro-economic emergencies, like a currency collapse, comes in for much harsher criticism. Its Structural Adjustment Programs – loans to low-income countries in distress – have been subjected to extensive research, often proving that they have kept people in countries like Zimbabwe or across Latin America in poverty while enriching investors. Are these Western-designed programs just a neo-liberal form of colonialism, as some suggest, or pragmatic ways to get countries onto the path of economic development? The debates are so divisive that China has moved into the space in countries that no longer trust the IMF, using its Belt and Road Initiative to invest in infrastructure and push its own influence. So, politics are driving this as well.
The IMF and World Bank may not always make things better, and there is even paranoia right now that Donald Trump, if he wins in November, might withdraw the US from the World Bank, which would devastate developing economies. Still, these two organizations are relevant and demand our attention.
At GZERO, we are committed to covering these topics and making them accessible and interesting. So please tell us what you think. If you have suggestions for things we ought to cover, or questions about events like the IMF-World Bank spring meetings, send us a note here, and we will post answers to some of your key questions next Thursday.
Thanks for your remarkable attention to all these matters, and now, let’s get at the rest of the news.
– Evan Solomon, Publisher
Have the US and Canada managed a soft landing?
While that’s a lot of “ifs,” it’s better news than expected last year when many were predicting a rougher go of things and a decent chance of recession.
Stateside, economists are tilting more and more toward the US avoiding a recession of its own, which is also good news for Canada. Inflation is increasingly under control and the labor market is holding up. Plus the Fed is expected to cut interest rates this year, maybe even three times.
Annualized GDP growth estimates for the first quarter in the US are now up to 2.8% while estimates in Canada for growth are hovering around an unexpectedly robust 3.5%. Canadian inflation was 2.8% in February and 3.2% in the US.
Consumers and businesses are hoping for a cut in Canada, too, perhaps as soon as April 10, when the Bank releases its next rate decision. But if it doesn’t lower rates next week, it’s expected to get around to it before too long, perhaps by summer.
Could this be good news for President Joe Biden and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau? As Evan Solomon explained, reality and perception are often far apart when it comes to such matters, so it depends on whether the politicians can convince voters to give them credit for the turnarounds.Rwandan President Paul Kagame attends the lighting ceremony of the Rwandan genocide flame of hope, known as the "Kwibuka" (Remembering), to commemorate the 1994 Genocide at the Kigali Genocide Memorial Center in Kigali, Rwanda April 7, 2023
Hard Numbers: Rwanda’s Kagame will run again, the EU takes on Uber, water contamination threat in Libya, US Fed keeps cool
4: Rwanda’s President Paul Kagame, who has been in power since 2000, announced that he’ll run for a fourth term in next year’s election.
Kagame, who has been accused of cracking down on the opposition, tweaked the constitution back in 2015 to extend presidential term limits. Asked about what “the West” might think of his move, Kagame, didn’t mince words: “What these countries think is not our problem.”
40: A top Uber executive has warned that an EU proposal to classify gig workers as employees could boost ride prices by as much as 40%. Brussels says Uber should provide more job security and benefits for its employees. Uber, which has come up against similar battles in Spain, the UK and elsewhere, says the measure will hurt consumers and lead to “devastating” job losses.
4,000: Over a week after a catastrophic flood tore through two dams in eastern Libya, killing 4,000 people (while 9,000 remain missing) the UN has warned that sewage is contaminating water supplies, raising the specter of waterborne diseases like cholera, diarrhea, and hepatitis.
5.25-5.55: The US Federal Reserve held interest rates steady at 5.25-5.55, still the highest level in more than two decades after 11 rate hikes beginning in March 2022. The decision gives policy makers some breathing room to plot their next moves amid subsiding inflation. Still, with price growth well above the Fed’s 2% target, rates could stay above 5% well into 2024, analysts warn.Correction:Yesterday, we incorrectly stated that the Fed's pause was the first in 18 months. The Federal reserve also paused rate hikes in June, 2023. We regret the error.